Cycling and Nutritional Counseling on Cardiometabolic Health in Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
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Various therapies have been studied and utilized to improve cardiometabolic health after spinal cord injury (SCI) including Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) cycling. The reported benefits of FES-cycling on cardiometabolic health include increased lean-to-fat-mass ratio increased blood flow and vasoreactivity in paralyzed legs and improvements in glucose disposal. However, FES is typically used in cases of spastic paralysis resulting from Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) injury where, in addition to orthodromic muscle activation, intact peripheral nerves can carry an electrical stimulus upstream to spinal reflex centers and thereby produce descending signals to evoke reflex-mediated muscle contractions. In cases with a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) injury affecting the lumbosacral region, and the associated partial or total loss of peripheral nerves, it is more difficult or impossible to elicit both direct and indirect muscle contractions. As a result, the study of the effects of FES cycling in individuals with LMN injuries has been limited.