Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), accounts for 2% to 3% of all adult malignancies, and is the most lethal of all the common urologic cancers. Approximately 73,750 new cases of RCC are diagnosed each year in the United States alone, and 14,830 patients are reported to die of the disease. RCC is primarily a disease seen in the older adults, with typical presentation between 55 and 75 years of age. Most of the cases of RCC are sporadic and only 4% to 6% are believed to be familial in occurrence. Several familial syndromes associated with RCC have been identified since the early 1990s. Similarly, the tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes that contribute to the development of sporadic and familial forms of this malignancy have also been characterized. The various subtypes of RCC and their distinct nature, has led to a major revision in the histologic classification of this malignancy based on the advances in molecular genetics. A beneficial impact on patient management has also been achieved with the development of targeted molecular agents and these have shown an extended survival for many patients with advanced RCC.

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