Buruli ulcer (BU) is an emerging infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease is characterized by extensive destruction of the skin and soft tissues with formation of significant ulcerations. The necrotizing and ulcerative character is induced by a diffuse cytotoxic macrolide enzyme, called mycolactone, which is produced by M. ulcerans virulence genes. Buruli ulcer cases are reported in more than 33 countries, mainly tropical or subtropical, but are also present in temperate climates such as Japan and southern Australia. According to WHO, between 5,000 and 7,000 cases of Buruli ulcer are reported annually worldwide with more than 4,000 cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. The highest number of reported cases are found in West African countries such as Côte d'Ivoire with about 2000 cases per year, Benin and Ghana 1000 cases per year. The reporting of Buruli ulcer cases is based on laboratory confirmation using WHO recommended tests for the diagnosis of the disease, including direct examination of smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB); in vitro culture and gene amplification (PCR) targeting the genome sequence IS2404. According to WHO, 70% of BU cases should be confirmed by the PCR-IS2404 gene amplification technique.